Statistical Physics Berkeley Physics Course Vol 5.rar

Hero's ethnicity may have been either Greek[2] or Hellenized Egyptian.[7][8][9] It is almost certain that Hero taught at the Musaeum which included the famous Library of Alexandria, because most of his writings appear as lecture notes for courses in mathematics, mechanics, physics and pneumatics. Although the field was not formalized until the twentieth century, it is thought that the work of Hero, in particular his automated devices, represented some of the first formal research into cybernetics.[10]

Statistical Physics Berkeley Physics Course Vol 5.rar

physics: F. tists do not study relatively or particle physics, but thermodynamics is an integral.Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal PhysicsFrederick Reif on Amazon.com. FREE shipping on qualifying offers. Frederick Reif, Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics, McGraw-

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David Pines, a physics instructor at Penn 1950-1952 and a leader in condensed matter physics whose work paved the way for several Nobel prizes, died on May 3 from pancreatic cancer at his home in Urbana, Illinois. He was 93.

Dr. Pines received his undergraduate degree in physics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1944 and his doctorate from Princeton in 1950. In addition to teaching at Penn, he also taught at Princeton; he spent most of his career at the University of Illinois. He also worked at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico and the University of California, Davis, and he helped found the Santa Fe Institute.

Throughout the code in a climate model are equations that govern the underlying physics of the climate system, from how sea ice forms and melts on Arctic waters to the exchange of gases and moisture between the land surface and the air above it.

It is akin to the manager of a football team. He or she picks the team, chooses the formation and settles on the tactics, but once the team is out on the pitch, the manager cannot dictate if and when the team scores or concedes a goal. In a climate model, scientists set the ground rules based on the physics of the Earth system, but it is the model itself that creates the storms, droughts and sea ice.

The next level up are General Circulation Models (GCMs), also called Global Climate Models, which simulate the physics of the climate itself. This means they capture the flows of air and water in the atmosphere and/or the oceans, as well as the transfer of heat.

Boltzmann, however, speaks not only about three-dimensional models of surfaces in mathematics but also about models of surfaces in physics, above all in thermodynamics, where they mathematically represented the behavior of gases and fluids:

"There are moments when a sober and frank evaluation is the only thing to undertake," de Kiewiet told (1950) an audience of selected U. of R. graduates. "We received such an evaluation recently from the Middle States Association. Except for the one or two areas where they got a little too much inside guidance, their report was an extremely intelligent and revealing account of both strength and weakness." 1Speaking thus, the President had in mind a survey of the University, in all its diversity and amplitude, carried out by a team of educational specialists from other institutions. The group functioned under the auspices of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools and of five specialized agencies of education; for the information of the appraisers, thirteen detailed booklets on the various branches of the Rochester complex were prepared by administrative officers, and that voluminous data was supplemented and reinforced by on-the-spot investigations by members of the evaluation team extending from the sixth into the ninth of December, 1959. Chairman of the group, comprising thirty-three men and women, was President John C. Warner of the Carnegie Institute of Technology. His colleagues focused their attention on two principal areas of examination and assessment; instruction and research, with sub-committees assigned to the College of Arts and Science, each of the professional schools, and "supporting services."Their report, dated April 23, 1960, if somewhat superficial, was quite comprehensive and reasonably detached. Since the document was the product of representatives of universally respected educational bodies, it has singular usefulness for the historian and will frequently be referred to on the pages that follow. Inasmuch as the Rochester authorities had set excellence in every respect as the University goal, the visitation leaders let it be known that the evaluations were based on that exalted standard. 2As an overall estimate, the investigators found the University in a "healthy state.. .In the academic areas in which it has chosen to concentrate, it enjoys an enviable reputation throughout the country." And again, "Rochester has succeeded in making itself one of the nation's important universities; it has already won eminence in some areas; and its future is very promising." Although the evaluators questioned whether the several components of the University supported each other to maximum advantage, they warmly applauded "a deliberate commitment to excellence...a teaching staff of generally fine equality...and admirable plant [obnoxious term]; and a disinclination to expand the instruction and research program at the cost of quality."So far as the historic arts college was concerned, it seemed "to occupy effectively its strategic role as the sustaining root of the university...the center from which the rest radiates." The teaching staff appeared to be ''one of high quality, on the whole, and of healthy variety. The visitors are impressed with the quality, variety, and amount of research activity they found, with the provision made for scholarly work...and with the reasonable system of leaves for research and professional development."Many aspects of the University's stance toward the College of Arts and Science were pronounced praiseworthy, notably the central position accorded the basic disciplines, the high level of performance expected, "and the equal emphasis placed upon instruction and scholarship in faculty recruitment and recognition." While unhesitatingly directing attention to some deficiencies, some blemishes, the visiting experts would not change the structure of the College nor "its direction of growth in any significant way;" in fact, they expressed envy over the position the institution had attained and its prospects for the future. 3Concerning the administrative side of the University, the investigators registered relatively few criticisms. They felt, however, that the president's cabinet needed to develop into a more effective instrument of coordination and cooperation between the several branches of the University, and that the professoriate should be more deeply involved in planning and policymaking. Specifically, if somewhat broadly, it was hinted that a unifying mechanism--a kind of academic senate--should be instituted as a common forum for the faculties of the various divisions of the University.It was also recommended that communication between administrators and undergraduates be improved, since the latter felt that important decisions were made without giving consideration to student opinion and that reasons for major administrative actions were not always adequately explained. So far as the management of University finances was concerned, the evaluators urged revision (or sharper definition) in the functions of the comptroller and the business manager and in accounting procedures; it was felt, too, that a full time internal auditor and a classroom scheduling officer should be added to the administrative apparatus. 4Actually, moves had already been made to tone up the president's cabinet, meetings being held more frequently, often biweekly. Differences of opinion repeatedly cropped up between the President and the college deans, Noyes in particular constantly pressing for strengthening the research elements in the faculty as opposed to costly curricular innovations, and he was annoyed by the way in which the preparation of the annual budget was handled. It was Noyes' conviction, vigorously expressed, that he as the dean of the College of Arts and Science should be allowed much wider latitude in decision making than prevailed. In 1957, Deans Habein and Wantman resigned, as Hoffmeister had done the preceding year. In 1957 also, as right-hand man to Noyes, McCrea Hazlett, it has been noted, was chosen dean of students from a large field of candidates; and in 1958 he succeeded Noyes in the deanship. 5de Kiewiet worked hand in glove with presidents of other leading New York State private universities on questions relating to state-financed institutions of higher learning. Together, they probably were of decisive significance in blocking the establishment of a competitive engineering school in Long Island, and they took a determined stand against a scheme to create a huge centralized state university, arguing that it was as unsound financially as educationally. In a "Declaration of Educational Principles and Recommendations " presented to the State Board of Regents, the university executives advocated that the state government underwrite strong existing universities instead of founding new ones. On another occasion, de Kiewiet, always the champion of exciting innovation, recommended that New York State should be divided into five or six educational regions, each centered upon a post-baccalaureate institution of excellence and embracing secondary schools, colleges, graduate and professional schools; the Rochester area, of course, would form one of the proposed divisions. Alternatively, as de Kiewiet saw the educational urgencies, the supreme need was not state-financed universities, but "the upgrading of the academic performance of our [public] schools..." These proposals fell on deaf ears; and a state committee on higher education reported (1960) favorably on a plan for three authentic state universities, one of them in the western section of New York, preferably incorporated with existing institutions.The Rochester Chamber of Commerce, scenting a valuable economic asset for the city in a vast state university ("a second Berkeley!"), named a committee to move "with all possible speed" to obtain it; "U. of R. Considered for State University," proclaimed a banner newspaper headline. The thought was that the University might be the nucleus of the tax-supported institution and would then resemble Cornell, part privately, part publicly financed. Whatever his inner conviction may have been, de Kiewiet professed "an open mind and a completely friendly disposition" toward the Chamber of Commerce initiative, and the University corporation gave the proposition thorough consideration.On the merit side of the column it was argued that as a state university, government funds, state and perhaps federal, too, would be supplied in huge volume, the faculties and the post-baccalaureate student population would expand, possibly law and architectural schools would be established, and, in general, the influence and national prestige of the University would be heightened. But grave disadvantages likewise presented themselves; endowment funds and administrative and managerial policies, for example would be subjected to supervision by state authorities. Control over standards of student admissions would be diminished if not entirely taken away, and the University might be exposed to undesirable political pressure. Bigness, moreover, would rob the institution of advantages implicit in comparatively small size. It was supposed, too, that some faculty members and more graduates would frown upon a merger. For a decade, a Rochester press editorial imagined, growing pains of a joint private-state institution would cause a decline in the distinction of the U. of R., a decrease in eminence.Balancing the pros and cons, the trustees voted that the better way toward the goal of excellence, the better way to contribute to the advancement of learning would be to perpetuate the historic private character of the University. Nevertheless, the corporation pledged full cooperation if a separate state university should be located in the Rochester area. All the talk about the future structure of the University may have inspired discussion in the trustee body on changing the name--perhaps to George Eastman University--but the overwhelming consensus was against alteration. In reality, the educational policymakers in Albany seem never to have seriously considered Rochester as the site of a state university; in any event, the ultimate decision joined the new institution to the University of Buffalo. When Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller brought forward (1961) a highly controversial scheme for tuition aid to New York students attending private colleges and universities, both secular and church-connected, de Kiewiet strongly endorsed the plan. 6In the meantime, state and Monroe County public bodies had definitely decided to establish a two-year community college in metropolitan Rochester. When that idea was initially broached, the trustee executive committee canvassed the situation, and the points were made that a community college would introduce an element of competition for students and for financial support from Rochester sources, and would raise problems of transfer of students to the University. Nevertheless, the committee (and the president's, cabinet) adopted a cooperative stance on the project, and when the Rochester Institute of Technology offered to operate the community college, that gambit was given "thoughtful consideration." In the end, the public policymakers decided upon a wholly separate Monroe Community College, which rapidly developed into, a flourishing institution. 7IIWithout let or halt, de Kiewiet fortified his reputation as a compelling spokesman in the interest of American higher education in general and of his own institution in particular. As he read the signs of the times, American colleges must shoulder "a dual mandate:" education of the brightest young minds, yes, but also training of "rank and file" students who would contribute initiative, daring, and support to first-raters. The guiding principle, he reasoned, should be to achieve the finest qualitative education for the greatest number of young people. For him higher learning was "a great solvent which smoothes out incompatible social differences and a principal architect of national coherence."While praising industrial and financial firms for their enlarging support of colleges and universities, he appealed to them to stretch themselves farther; unless truly colossal sums were quickly furnished tomorrow would be too late to prevent political and economic disaster, de Kiewiet declared. A crying need, he insisted, was larger resources to raise faculty salaries, since the dollar value of compensation had fallen far below the 1939 level; in effect, teachers were subsidizing the institutions to which they were attached, he commented. These observations, tendered originally to the Rochester trustees, were reproduced in an article that was circulated in thousands of reprints and elicited hearty acclaim from university executives all across America. 8 Addressing the New York State School Boards Association, the President vigorously advocated a search for "new principles that can be used to guide education in the space age, in the age of world revolution, in an age when only highly educated populations can carry their burdens." "The greatest cause of student mortality on the university level is the lack of a sense of intellectual confidence," he was convinced. "Many freshmen have not reached a plateau of knowledge and experience which fits them for the greater challenge of university work."Calling attention to the distinction between the complex university and "the simple and single college," he contended that educational "initiative has passed to the institutions in which undergraduate instruction, professional training and advanced research are all important components. Their interdependence and balance produce the successful university. The good universities...are in the vanguard of creative change in education."More than that, "the growing concern of faculties with graduate ''teaching and research is an essential advance in university development. It is indeed the most important mark of the shift of initiative into the university, away from secondary and arts college education. But," he went on, "it is also a disturbing flight from the undergraduate. If this flight continues we may acquire a national pattern of a handful of institutions protesting their concern with the quality education of the few."In a memorable utterance, de Kiewiet eloquently declared, "The measure, of a university's success can never be expressed in terms of a concrete product, or through a statistical tabulation. Precise evaluation of the outcome of effort and expenditure is deceptive or impossible...The only valid tests of success are to be found in such words as reputation, prestige, and scholarly atmosphere...These qualities are the real objectives of the University."On October 13, 1960, shortly before he resigned as President, de Kiewiet spoke to a company of U. of R. graduates on the condition of the institution and the academic priorities that the times demanded. "Ten years ago," he remarked, "we were on the point of being swept permanently aside by the superior momentum of other institutions." Happily, that dire calamity had been averted, but much awaited the doing to attain the University goal, which he defined as "a national institution, visible from any distance as one of the academic peaks of the nation... That we are more visible and salient today than ten years ago is true...That we are a national academic peak is not yet true"--a judgment open to some dissent.Blending an estimate of the past with the prospects for the future, the Presiden